Metaforhjemmesiden ved
Carlo
Grevy - ny e-mail
Nyt - antologi om metaforer, metaforteori, kognitiv semantik og fagsprog
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Nyt - antologi om metaforer, metaforteori, kognitiv semantik og fagsprog |
Indhold Grevy (2000)Grevy (2001) - 1. del Vi bruger primært tiden 11. gang på artiklen fra 2001 samt øvelser. Der skulle også blive mulighed for at kigge på mit fuldstændige metaforsystem. Interesserede kan kigge på mine engelske noter (hvis de ikke er for kritiske over for mit ufuldstændige engelsk) - se under "Projekter" - "Abstract" - - og gå derfra til foredraget om metaforer- eller klik her. Hvor hører metaforerne til? Stedbørn - hverken i dagligsproget eller i litteraturen! I dagligsprogene - et særtilfælde Metaforer hører fagsprogene til Stor interesse for metaforerne - de sidste 20 år - fagsprogene/specialisering Manglende afklaring - metaforer alle mulige steder - ingen kvalificering - forvirrede - virak - uheldigt: vigtige i mange sammenhænge Undervisning En metafor betyder et udtryk med overført betydning. Det vil sige at udtrykket ikke skal opfattes i bogstavelig betydning, men i virkeligheden betyder noget andet som det i en eller anden forstand ligner (s. 228). Tautologi Symptom! 1930'erne - Richards - mindre restriktiv Empiriske beviser - men de mangler - se ny artikel: mud1234.htm
Poesi er ikke specielt kreativt Poesi og litteratur har ikke eneret på metaforerne Alle VISIO's 5-modeller leveres med 32-ventilers motorer, kører på Windows 95 og Windows NT samt lever op til de strengeste krav med hensyn til komfort og køreglæde (PC Magazine Danmark 1997, nr. 9, s. 34) Scenarier - udrykkene kendes fra bogstavelige sammenhænge Data - på disketten: hvor er det??? - hvor er de, hvis vi sletter dem eller kopiere dem? Fra kontoret: stempler, penne, faneblade, bogmærker, skuffer, papirkurve, postkontor, postkasser, skriveborde, postproblemer, indbakker, brevkasser, Andre udtryk fra hjemmet vinduer, winduerne (sic!), nøgler, symaskiner, trådene, hjemmesidestrikkere, tapet, og udtryk som vrangen på tekstbehandlerne, Internet er et kludetæppe, Web’et væves, skærmen er beskidt. Et tredje scenario er elementer fra vores by hoteller, biblioteker, slot, bus, sirene. Dyr køer, får, heste, høns, tigre, løver, ulve, bjørne, fisk, ugler, svaler, ænder, ørne, mus, kaniner, skildpadder, elefanter harer og aber. Ordene ikke behøver at være i vores hverdag for at være i vores commonsensesprog. Fagsprog - dagligsprog Videnskab - dagligliv Fra praktiske erhverv Sammenhængsskabende funktion Fagsprog: tilstræbt middelbarhed Metaforerne: umiddelbarhed Metaforerne skaber forbindelsen - af noget kaotisk Vi bliver nødt til at under metaforerne for at finde ud af, hvordan de fungerer. 
Some conclusions – research on 6000 computer metaphors Pilot researches in fields of e.g. physics, mathematics, pedagogy, popular science, religion, ads, television language give the same indications:
Some of these conclusions are in contrast to the way metaphors most often are seen. We often have this idea - with inspiration from looking at metaphors in literature I think: metaphors tell us something radically new. But this is not my conclusion. No - on the contrary: when we have something new in the world we use a lot of energy through metaphors telling us selves and others that these things are something old! And to do this we have a restricted system of linguistic possibilities. I call them scenarios; structures of words related to well know aspects of our everyday live. For instance: when computers accelerate, runs fast, has a high speed, and when data arrives to a place, when they are at home computers or at web hotels, we use old words from everyday experiences on how to come around physically in our everyday life, for instance how we use our car to get from our home to a hotel. And in using words from this scenario we say nothing new about computers, on the contrary: we tell that this hi technology is very common. There are many possibilities to use metaphors, nearly 400. In my research I found, when I had examined about 3000 metaphors, that the metaphors never changed. People always used the same words (from the same scenarios) to tell something (old) about computers. It was not my thesis, that I should find the same metaphors, but from this point I intensively searched for some other to see if the area really was restricted. My conclusions after systematically examine 3000 metaphors more was that we always - and not only in the metaphor field - are using metaphors from the same scenarios.
The system The scenarios 1. The non-human area 1.1. Reification 1.2. Botany 1.3. Animals 2. Human activities and rooms 2.1. Human activities 2.2. Various human social rooms. 2.2.1. Basic rooms for survival (production) 2.2.2. Social rooms outside the production 2.2.3. Art & culture 2.2.4. Social rooms without control 2.2.5. Social rooms diachronic 3. Orientation / movement 3.1. Physical rooms 3.2. Psychological rooms
1. The non-human area 1.1. Reification / Inanimate things "Radio Data Packet Transmission" "Note - if you have problems unpacking any of the following files…" "Maps and Data Store" "Integrated Data Communications Services Homepage"
"Check the order of text flows" "Hot Page System updates for Information Technology" (Physical, bodily attributes)
"COLD FACTS - the quarterly publication of CSA" "Golden Networks Computer Help" (Metal– inner qualities)
1.2. Botany Activities (be in flower, to grow, to mature) Results (to ennoble) Objects (apples, fruits, trees)
"The writer plucks some of the fruits of authorship"
1.3. Animals Animals (predators, reptiles etc.) Other indications (living or dead "The Dead Pizza Files") Clones Sensitivity ("Note that most web servers are case-sensitive")
2. Human activities and rooms (including personification) 2.1. Human activities Activities and conditions (make one’s contribution to…,be well mannered, fall between two stools – rule, manage, be generous) Mental activities (to be intelligent, be awake, be grown up) Communication (talk, use language, to communicate, to read, to write) Perceive (see, hear, feel, watch, look after) Solving problems Intentionally Glory and honor (respectable) Responsibility Proper names (Einstein, Mona Lisa) Related to the human body
2.2. Various human social rooms 2.2.1. Basic rooms for survival / Production Societies bases on hunting and fishing (hunting, fishing) Agriculture Trade (tools) Trade (arranging, organizing, being concerned about the architecture, testing, constructing, and strike while the iron is hot) Industry (machinery, engines, gears, overdrives, mechanics, workers) Sale and service (to offer, to introduce, to deliver)
2.2.2. Social rooms outside the production 1 Parties (dance with the program) Entertainment (acrobat) Warnings, accidents (alarm bell, funeral) Ceremonies Intimacy Policy (anarchy, machine breaker) Law, jurisprudence
2.2.2. Social rooms outside the production 2 – the meal The meal (appetite, samples, spam, menu, beans, wafers, Visual Cafe)
2.2.2. Social rooms outside the production 3 – relations between people The family - biological (generations, sisters, brothers, babies, children, cousins, parents)
2.2.2. Social rooms outside the production 4 – social arrangements The family - cultural (marriage (seek in marriage, engagement, adoption) Friendship and related relations (companion, darling, neighbor) According to employment (serve, guard, agent, client, assistant, master, slave, inceptor) Other relations (fan, nobility)
2.2.3. Art & culture Art of painting (exhibitions, brush stroke, Picasso’s blue period) Music (sweet music, give the keynote) Textile engineering (tailored system, designed, collect under one hat) Theatre (the scene, actor, the play, masquerade, soap opera, win an Oscar) Sports, athletics (levels of power - the participants - the players - the competitors - the placing - the winner, the finalist)
Activities, type of sports (soccer, football, baseball, cycle race, martial art, surfing)
Games (gambling, chess, playing cards, game of dice)
2.2.4. Social rooms without control Crimes The persons (pirates, gangs, robbers) The activities (the fights, firing, the taking of hostages) The persons and activities handling the problems (cops, taking finger-prints)
War The event (the war, the battle, the attack, the intervention) The place (the front-line) The participants (the warriors) The tools (armament, pistols, guns) The result (lose ground)
Disease and illness The actors (virus, doctors) The subject (health) The indicators (infection) The activities (take the computers temperature, use medicine)
The irrational Religion (actors, subject, goal, activities – Christianity/other) The fantastic, the fabulously and magic (actors, activities, accessories – wizards, pixies, ghost – prophesy, conjure, haunt - horn of plenty
2.2.5. Social rooms diachronic Experiences from childhood Knowledge on history 3. Orientation / movement 3.1. Physical rooms Up/down (down, low, fall, rise, lower) The surface (before, behind, area, background, breaking through, heavy, light, under, over, platform) The landscape (at nightfall, the weather, the perspective) The city (the office and the equipment – the house – the hotel – the library – the campus – the post office) The journey (the vehicles, the places, the way to do it, the result – ships, cars – on roads, in the air – fast, slow, short cuts, overtaking, accelerating – get access, visit, leave) 3.2. Psychological rooms Feelings and perceptions through the senses
Grevy (2001): Metaforer, scenarier og teknologi Grevy (2001): Metaforer, scenarier og teknologi – i uddrag 2.5. Teorien om metaforer i dag I dag: et subjektivt grundlag Over de sidste ca. 500 år: fra objektivisme til subjektivisme Erkendelse afhænger af erkendelsesværktøjet: sproget! Metaforer forbinder det gamle med det nye Metaforerne får det nye ind i sproget Sproget vokser og udvidet ind i det nye 2.5.1. Romantiseringen af metaforerne Verden skabes – den åbenbares ikke Romantisk genidyrkelse – kreativitetspræmis Frigørelse af tankens muligheder Tidligere: litteratur og sprog hang sammen Adskillelse Unddragelse af systematik Man tolker på et hvilket som helst grundlag Kun foreløbige antagelser 2.5.2 Maksimeringen af metaforerne Maksimering: flere – og flere steder Minimalisering: troper Introspektivt grundlag Udmøntninger af denne baggrund: 2.5.3.1 Substitutionsteorien Substitution: Peter er modig/en løve 2.5.3.2 Sammenligningsteorien Tertium comparationis Himlens øje – sol Virkelighed findes på forhånd – lighederne også "Som" – en formalitet – ikke funktion 2.4.3.3. Interaktionsteorien Lighederne – de skabes i metaforerne! Tenor – vehiklet Associated commonplaces Systemer af ting 2.5.3.4 Kognitionsteorien Aspekter:
2.6. Teorien om metaforer… - billedsprog - litteratur - fyndord – men ikke metaforer - fagsprog og systematik ikke kun hvordan man forestiller sig det 1900: isolationisme (litteratur/poesi) 1930: idealisme (enkeltmetaforer) 1980: tekstpoesi (selvopfundne eksempler) 2000: empirisk konstruktivisme 5.1 Scenarierne – det ikkemenneskelige område 5.1.1 Ting Notationssystem: T for Ting, r for roller osv. Niveauer og detaljeringsgrad [T1], lav detaljeringsgrad – smides, vejes, klemmes, flyttes, sættes under lup etc. [T11], flere detaljer, fx: flaskehals T12: datapakker – T121 – udpakkes – T122 – åbne pakker T1: dimensionalitet – T2: integrabilitet T2: hænger sammen, kan forbindes, føjes til, smelte sammen, røre T3: indkaples, uden for stavekontrol, filer åbnes T5: smidighed – T6: formegenskaber T7: form, T8: flydende Traditionel semantik: alt ville være taget med, fx kopper, tallerkner, hanke på kopper, bunde i tallerkner, skeer, knive… Se side 179-180 (skemaer) Metaforer: en restringeret måde at anvende dagligsproget på Kun et lille udvalg af dagligsproget anvendes 5.1.2 Botanisering At blomstre, gro, vokse Uanset om det siges direkte eller det impliceres, fx: cd-rom kalder sig selv for en smuk blomst – computeren blomstrer. 5.1.3 Animering Hunde ligger begravet Fil bliver herreløs Java bliver luftet 5.4.2 Scenariesammenhænge Skematiseringerne er ikke metaforernes strukturer Flydende – både fysik- og tingmetafor Krigsmetaforer – kriminalitetsmetaforer Holistisk 5.4.3 Forløb Køre 217, hastighed 130, fart 33 Potentiel metafor: pc kører + hastighed: metaforisk rum Sammenhæng i bogstavelig betydning Eksempler (se side 246 ff). 5.5. Metaforers funktioner Restringeret – rudimentært Dagligsproget: righoldigt og basalt for enhver viden Metaforer: simple afskygninger Bruges til at tænke/ræssonere med??? Begrænsede intellektuelle færdigheder: derfor hjælper metaforerne os med at tale om det, vi ikke kan forstå! Leksikalske huller??? Nej: sammenhængende område anvendes Emotive – filterfunktioner? Denne orkan var som en jordrystelse – denne jordrystelse var som en orkan! Hvad har hun/vi forstået? Der siges ikke noget nyt! Der siges noget andet! Det uforståelige indskrives i en fast struktureret overskuelig ramme! Berger og Luckmann: socialt videnslager – integrerede helheder – kogebogsviden. (Resten følger 12. gang).
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